THE CLASSICAL-OBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION OF HUMAN EXISTENCE: FROM ANCIENT ATOMISM TO DARWIN AND MARX
Keywords:
Human existence, objective interpretation, determinism, mechanistic materialism, Darwin, Marx, philosophical anthropology.Abstract
The article examines the classical-objective tradition of interpreting human existence, within which the human being is understood as an object subordinated to the order of being and determined by external causes, and therefore as a result rather than a free origin. The aim is to reconstruct the inner logic of this tradition and to identify both its achievement and its limit. Using comparative-historical and conceptual analysis of primary philosophical texts, the study traces the tradition from ancient atomism and Aristotelian naturalism, through the mechanistic materialism of Descartes, La Mettrie and Holbach, to its nineteenth-century scientific culmination in the evolutionary theory of Darwin and the social theory of Marx. The analysis shows that the objective interpretation achieves a genuine insight into the conditionedness of the human by nature and society, yet, taken in isolation, it cannot account for human freedom, self-consciousness and moral responsibility. It is concluded that this limit necessitates the complementary subjective interpretation and, ultimately, a dialectical synthesis of object and subject
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