TWO APPROACHES IN CENTRAL ASIAN DIPLOMACY IN THE 16TH–17TH CENTURIES: IDEOLOGICAL-SEMIOTIC CONFLICTS AND ECONOMIC PRAGMATISM
Keywords:
Information-psychological warfare, diplomatic semiotics, economic diplomacy, trade pragmatism, War of letters, Bukhara Khanate, ambassadorial relations.Abstract
This article analyzes two contradictory yet complementary directions of the foreign policy of the Central Asian khanates (Bukhara and Khiva) in the 16th–17th centuries. The first pole highlights the uncompromising ideological and information-psychological wars with Safavid Iran, the "War of letters", and diplomatic semiotics (the language of gifts). The second pole analyzes the highly pragmatic, economic, and trade-based diplomacy established with Russia and China, which bypassed religious and ideological barriers. Based on primary sources and archival documents, it is scientifically substantiated that the region's rulers acted in foreign policy based on the real situation ("Realpolitik").
References
Mirzo Muhammad Haydar. Tarixi Rashidiy / Mas’ul muharrir A. O‘rinboyev. – Toshkent: Fan, 1996. – 728 b.
Yo‘ldoshev M.Y. K istorii torgovix i posolskix svyazey Sredney Azii s Rossiey v XVI-XVII vv. – Tashkent: Nauka, 1964. – 124 s.
Muqimov Z. Shayboniylar davlati va huquqi (Tarixiy-huquqiy tadqiqot). – Toshkent: Adolat, 2007. – 184 b.
Burton Audrey. The Bukharans: A Dynastic, Diplomatic, and Commercial History, 1550–1702. – Curzon Press, 1997. – 624 p.
Zamonov A. Buxoro xonligi tarixi: Ashtarxoniylar davri. – Toshkent: Bayoz, 2021. – 256 b.
Xadduri M. War and Peace in the Law of Islam. – Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1955. – 321 p.
Semyonov A.A. Ocherk ustroystva sentralnogo administrativnogo upravleniya Buxarskogo xanstva. – Stalinabad, 1948. – S. 45-48.
Abulg‘oziy. Shajarayi Turk. – Toshkent: Cho‘lpon, 1992. – 188 b.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
How to Cite
