THE IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS ON THE DEGRADATION OF TUGAI ECOSYSTEMS IN THE REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN

Abstract

This article analyzes the current ecological condition of tugai ecosystems in the Republic of Karakalpakstan and the major anthropogenic factors contributing to their degradation. Regulation of the Amu Darya River flow, intensive use of water resources for irrigated agriculture, alteration of the natural hydrological regime, excessive livestock grazing, cutting of trees and shrubs, fires, soil salinization, and habitat fragmentation are identified as major pressures affecting the stability of tugai ecosystems. Particular attention is given to the decline of natural vegetation regeneration, habitat loss, and reduction of biodiversity resulting from increasing anthropogenic pressure. The study emphasizes the importance of maintaining an appropriate ecological water regime, supporting natural regeneration, regulating human pressures, and implementing comprehensive environmental monitoring for the conservation and restoration of tugai ecosystems