INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE PELVIC ORGANS IN REPRODUCTIVE AGE
Vol. 5 No. 6 (2025): Eurasian Journal of Medical and Natural Sciences 206-211
Abstract
This review summarizes current data (2018-2024) on pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) in women of reproductive age. The main pathogens are Chlamydia trachomatis (20-40%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (10-20%) and Mycoplasma genitalium (up to 25%). Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria (CDC), NAAT tests and ultrasound. Empirical treatment includes ceftriaxone, doxycycline ± metronidazole, but is complicated by increasing resistance. Remote consequences are severe: infertility (up to 40% after 3 episodes), ectopic pregnancy (risk ↑6-10 times), chronic pelvic pain (15-30%). Key prevention measures are screening for STIs and treatment of partners. Early diagnosis and adequate therapy are critical to maintaining reproductive health.
Keywords:
References
CDC. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021;70(No. RR-4):1-187. [https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/pid.htm](https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/pid.htm) Ross J, Guaschino S, Cusini M, Jensen J. 2017 European guideline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease. Int J STD AIDS. 2018;29(2):108-114. doi:10.1177/0956462417744099
Wiesenfeld HC, Meyn LA, Darville T, et al. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Ceftriaxone and Doxycycline, with or without Metronidazole, for the Treatment of Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(7):1181-1189. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1014
Trent M, Bass D, Ness RB, Haggerty C. Recurrent PID, subsequent STI, and reproductive health outcomes: findings from the PID evaluation and clinical health (PEACH) study. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45(4):236-242. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000740
Haggerty CL, Totten PA, Tang G, et al. Identification of novel microbes associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Sex Transm Infect. 2020;96(8):556-562. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2019-054285
Price MJ, Ades AE, Welton NJ, et al. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Salpingitis: Incidence of Primary and Repeat Episodes in England. Epidemiology. 2020;31(2):226-233. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000001148
Lis R, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Manhart LE. Mycoplasma genitalium Infection and Female Reproductive Tract Disease: A Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(3):418-426. doi:10.1093/cid/cix808
Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Moi H. 2021 European guideline on the management of Mycoplasma genitalium infections. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022;36(5):641-650. doi:10.1111/jdv.17972
Goller JL, De Livera AM, Fairley CK, et al. Characteristics of pelvic inflammatory disease where no sexually transmitted infection is identified: a cross-sectional analysis of routinely collected sexual health clinic data. Sex Transm Infect. 2022;98(3):179-185. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2020-054822
Romero-Gómez MP, Cendejas-Bueno E, Montero-Ruiz E, et al. The Role of Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: An Observational Study. J Clin Med. 2023;12(2):510. doi:10.3390/jcm12020510
Unemo M, Lahra MM, Cole M, et al. World Health Organization Global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (WHO GASP): review of new data and evidence to inform international collaborative actions and research efforts. Sex Health. 2019;16(5):412-425. doi:10.1071/SH19023
Zhao Y, Li Y, Zhang Q. Image-guided drainage versus antibiotic therapy alone for tubo-ovarian abscess: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2021;28(1):76-85.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2020.04.009
Savaris RF, Fuhrich DG, Maissiat J, Duarte RV, Ross J. Antibiotic therapy for pelvic inflammatory disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;8(8):CD010285. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010285.pub3
Crossman SH. The challenge of pelvic inflammatory disease. Am Fam Physician. 2020;101(3):137-138.
Tsevat DG, Wiesenfeld HC, Parks C, Peipert JF. Sexually transmitted diseases and infertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;216(1):1-9. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.08.008
Vodstrcil LA, Plummer EL, Doyle M, et al. Treating Pelvic Inflammatory Disease to Prevent Adverse Reproductive Health Outcomes: The Evidence and Future Directions. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2021;8(2):33-44. doi:10.1007/s40471-021-00269-2
Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021;70(4):1-187. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1
Gradison M. Pelvic inflammatory disease. Am Fam Physician. 2022;105(2):137-144.
Ahrens KA, Thoma ME, Copen CE, et al. Male Partner Treatment and Recurrence of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Findings from the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health Study. Sex Transm Dis. 2020;47(3):176-182. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001118
Landers DV, Wiesenfeld HC, Heine RP, et al. Predictive value of clinical diagnostic criteria for pelvic inflammatory disease: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(5):905-919. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003219
WHO guidelines for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.
Garland SM, Stanley MA, Giuliano AR, et al. IPVS statement on "Temporary HPV vaccine shortage: Implications globally to achieve equity". Papillomavirus Res. 2020;9:100194. doi:10.1016/j.pvr.2020.100194
Kudratovna A. F. ВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ В ГИНЕКОЛОГИИ И НОВЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ИХ ДИАГНОСТИКИ И ЛЕЧЕНИЯ //Eurasian Journal of Medical and Natural Sciences. – 2024. – Т. 5. – №. 1. – С. 7-12..
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
How to Cite
