Eurasian Journal of Academic Research

The article examines the methodology of applying artificial intelligence in teaching technical drawing in secondary school. The study substantiates the impact of AI on the development of students’ spatial thinking, which is a key component of graphic literacy. Based on the analysis of contemporary research and teaching practice, a system of effective methods is proposed, including AI-supported mental rotation, generation of 3D models from drawings, automated detection of graphical errors, adaptive task complexity, and the use of generative AI-based training tools. The results demonstrate that the integration of AI significantly increases the effectiveness of teaching technical drawing, enables individualized learning pathways, and reduces students’ cognitive load when performing spatial transformations. The findings can serve as a basis for the development of future digital educational platforms and the implementation of intelligent technologies in graphic education.

Chronic goiter is an endocrine pathology characterized by long-term hyperplasia, follicular degeneration, and fibrotic changes in thyroid tissue [1]. Morphological changes in this disease are manifested by nodular growth of the gland parenchyma, increased collagen fibers, dilation of blood vessels, and lymphocytic infiltration [2]. According to many scientific sources published between 2015 and 2025, these changes are mainly associated with iodine deficiency, oxidative stress, impaired hormone secretion, and autoimmune processes [3].

Kupffer cells (KCs) are specialized tissue macrophages located in the liver parenchyma that act as the first line of immune response to protect the body from toxic, microbiological, and metabolic stresses. Genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic studies conducted over the past decade have shed light on the mechanisms by which KCs adapt to variable microatrophy. These cells exhibit phenotypic plasticity depending on the intrahepatic oxygen pressure gradient, nutrient concentration, and levels of endogenous signaling molecules.

Microglia are the main immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), which are involved in maintaining neuronal homeostasis, regulating the inflammatory response, and in the processes of regeneration [1]. Recent studies have shown that microglia activate adaptive mechanisms in response to various stress, inflammation, or injury. This article reviews the metabolic, epigenetic, and signaling-based adaptive changes in microglia.

The process of ossification of trabecular bone is one of the most sensitive indicators of metabolism in the body, in particular, the level of glucose in the blood directly and indirectly affects bone metabolism [1]. Numerous clinical and experimental studies conducted during 2015–2025 show that hyperglycemia (excessive blood glucose levels) slows down collagen synthesis in bone tissue, reduces the activity of osteoblasts and disrupts the process of bone regeneration [2]. At the same time, hypoglycemic states can also negatively affect the process of bone formation and increase the activity of osteoclasts.

The article presents the results of research on the accumulation and distribution of moist and dry biomass between plant organs during the growing season of bread wheat varieties and lines. The experiments showed that the average value of the total moist biomass of ten plants was 193 g, of which 39.8 g, i.e., an average of 20% is a spike (in the flowering phase), 21.4 g is the root mass (11%), 85 g is the stem biomass (44%), and 48 g is the total leaf mass (25%).

This article presents a comparative analysis of the intangible cultural heritage of Safranbolu (Turkey) and the Kashkadarya region (Uzbekistan). The study explores traditions, rituals, craftsmanship, and oral folklore as core elements of the cultural uniqueness of both regions. The author analyzes the historical and cultural environments and the role of religion and family customs in shaping cultural identity. The findings emphasize both commonalities and distinctions, highlighting the importance of intangible heritage in fostering national identity and intercultural dialogue

The article provides a comparative analysis of the rights guaranteed in the legislation of developed countries such as the USA, Japan, Finland, Georgia, and Austria, where, in accordance with the criminal procedure legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, guarantees aimed at ensuring the rights of suspects and accused persons in pre-trial proceedings have been developed, and proposals and recommendations for their implementation into national legislation have been put forward.

Hyperinsulinemia is a condition characterized by elevated blood insulin levels, which is often found in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Comorbid conditions worsen the course of COPD, increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications and metabolic disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of hyperinsulinemia in patients with COPD, its impact on disease severity, inflammation, and lung function. Data analysis reveals a link between metabolic disorders and the severity of respiratory disease, and highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to treating these patients.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) are two highly prevalent chronic conditions with significant global health burden. Increasing evidence indicates a strong interplay between these disorders, mediated by systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysregulation. The coexistence of COPD and MetS is associated with accelerated lung function decline, higher frequency of exacerbations, increased cardiovascular risk, and reduced quality of life. This review summarizes current epidemiological data, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical implications of the COPD–MetS overlap. Additionally, emerging therapeutic strategies—including lifestyle interventions, pharmacological approaches, and precision medicine—are discussed. Understanding the interaction between COPD and MetS is critical for early detection, risk stratification, and integrated patient management, and future research should focus on longitudinal studies and novel biomarker-based approaches.

This article describes a study analyzing the impact of COPD on the daily life and health of patients. The frequency of occurrence of depressive disorders among these patients and their impact on the course of the disease and the life of patients with COPD are analyzed. The study included 100 patients. The results emphasize the need to include assessment of depressive disorders in a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis of COPD for their further correction and improvement of the general condition of patients

Treatment adherence is a key factor in the effective management of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Non-adherence to anti-tuberculosis therapy can lead to prolonged disease transmission, increased risk of drug resistance, and poor clinical outcomes. This study investigates the level of treatment adherence among patients with pulmonary TB and identifies key factors influencing adherence behavior. A cohort of 150 patients receiving TB treatment was surveyed using structured questionnaires and clinical monitoring data. The study revealed that 68% of patients demonstrated high adherence, 22% showed moderate adherence, and 10% exhibited low adherence. Factors such as side effects of medication, socioeconomic status, education level, and quality of healthcare provider communication were significantly associated with adherence rates. The findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive patient-centered approaches, including enhanced counseling, social support, and adherence monitoring, to improve treatment outcomes and reduce TB transmission.

The introduction of compulsory health insurance (CHI) in the Republic of Uzbekistan is one of the key areas of ongoing reforms in the national healthcare system. The goal of introducing CHI is to create a sustainable financial mechanism that ensures equal access to high-quality medical services, optimizes costs, and improves the efficiency of resource allocation in the healthcare sector. In recent years, Uzbekistan has been actively modernizing its healthcare infrastructure, implementing public-private partnership principles, and strengthening the role of digital technologies, making the transition to an insurance-based model particularly relevant. This article analyzes the regulatory framework for the development of CHI, examines international experience (Germany, South Korea, Kazakhstan), and assesses the prospects for adapting these models to the conditions of Uzbekistan.

The article provides a comprehensive scientific analysis of the interrelation between sport and economy in Uzbekistan. The study examines the dynamics of state budget allocations, investments in sports infrastructure, and commercialization processes based on official statistics. It reveals that over the past five years, public spending on sport has doubled, with new facilities being built and the paid sports services market expanding rapidly. The author argues that sport is evolving from a purely social domain into a key driver of economic growth. Drawing on international experience, the paper proposes improvements in financing mechanisms, public-private partnerships, tax incentives, and transparency in budget expenditures. Implementing these recommendations will enhance the contribution of the sports sector to Uzbekistan’s GDP and support the country’s sustainable development and public health goals within the framework of the “New Uzbekistan” strategy.

This research focuses on developing and implementing a methodology for using authentic materials to eliminate pragmatic errors among English philology students. The formation of pragmatic competence requires the ability to use language appropriately in cross-cultural contexts. The study presents strategies for identifying, analyzing, and correcting pragmatic errors through authentic video, audio, and textual materials. Results from a 16-week experimental study involving 170 students indicate that exercises based on authentic materials improve students' understanding and practical application of pragmatic features by 42%. The research employed Discourse Completion Tasks, role-play scenarios, and retrospective verbalization methods.

Language functions as the paramount vehicle for communication, facilitating human interaction within society and with the surrounding world. The process of communication is multifaceted, encompassing both linguistic and non-linguistic forms that permit the conveyance of information, affects, concepts, and stances. This paper provides an analysis of the nature of communication, with specific attention directed toward the characteristics, functions, and interdependency of verbal and non-verbal interaction. Furthermore, it addresses the evolution of human linguistic capabilities, the underlying cognitive and social mechanisms, and the definitive distinctions from animal communication systems. The analysis concludes by highlighting impediments to communicative efficacy, the influence of cultural variables on language utilization, and the reciprocal relationship linking language, cognition, and the social sphere.