SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF WOMEN IN ALMATY: PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS IN THE CONTEXT OF EDUCATIONAL REFORMS
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reproductive health; educational reforms; socio-economic inequality; women's health; sociology of medicine; sociology of reproductive behavior; access to health care.Abstrak
Reproductive health is a fundamental condition for a healthy society and a prosperous future for generations. In Kazakhstan, especially in Almaty, socioeconomic inequality, women’s lack of awareness of risks, and limited access to health services remain key challenges. The study, based on a cross-sectional quantitative methodology, included a survey of 320 women aged 18–49 years in eight districts of the Almaty city. Results showed that 59.4% of respondents experience pelvic pain, and 48.8% report changes in menstrual pain. However, 34.4% found it difficult to assess symptoms such as pain during sexual activity, indicating stigma around discussing reproductive health issues.
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