Eurasian Journal of Academic Research

This study aimed to evaluate the salinity tolerance of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes based on morphological (plant height) and physiological (chlorophyll content – SPAD) traits under moderate saline agroecological conditions. The research was conducted at a specialized site in the Tashkent region on moderately sulfate-saline soils brought from the Syrdarya region.

Some words in a language, when used together within a word combination without change, begin to acquire a specific meaning or concept. Over time, such a combination of words—or a meaningful word with an auxiliary word, or even a phraseological expression—may develop into a single, unified word. The emergence of new words in this way is referred to as the lexico-syntactic method of word formation.

This article comprehensively covers the problems encountered in the process of mastering the native language by students studying in primary grades in a second language (Russian, Kazakh, and other languages) and ways to overcome them. The article emphasizes the role of an integrated approach, interactive methods, modern pedagogical technologies, and multimedia tools in addressing these problems. Throughout the article, the development of the native language in a bilingual environment is considered not only as a linguistic, but also as a psychological and cultural process. The importance of a systematic approach in solving the problem is especially emphasized, and it is noted that the strengthening of the native language is an important factor in the upbringing of students as harmoniously developed individuals. Thus, the article shows the relevance of scientifically based recommendations, practical methods, and the introduction of national cultural heritage into the educational process for the effective teaching of the native language to children studying in a second language. The research results can serve as a practical guide for teachers and parents, as well as a theoretical basis for the further development of the bilingual education system

This article examines the evolving role and conceptualization of assessment within educational frameworks, with a particular focus on the teaching of English as a Foreign or Second Language (EFL/ESL). The analysis begins by tracing the historical dominance of behaviorist theory, which championed objective, standardized testing as a direct measure of atomized learning objectives. This approach, while aiming for scientific rigor, is shown to be misaligned with contemporary, communicative, and learner-centered pedagogical paradigms. The paper argues that such traditional summative assessments can generate student anxiety and fail to capture the complexity of language acquisition. In response, the article explores the significant shift towards constructivist perspectives on learning, which necessitate a parallel transformation in assessment practices. The conclusion posits that effective assessment is fundamentally inseparable from effective teaching, serving as a critical feedback loop that informs instruction, empowers learners, and creates a more supportive and equitable educational environment.

The article studies the strategic directions of modernizing operations management in the conditions of digital transformation. The research process used the method of literature analysis and comparison, analyzed scientific sources published in 2018-2025, as well as practical experience of large international corporations. As a result, strategies for optimizing operational processes based on IoT, Big Data, artificial intelligence, cloud systems and robotics were developed. In addition, along with the advantages of digital transformation, the large volume of investment, the lack of qualified personnel and cybersecurity problems were identified. At the end of the article, recommendations were given for enterprises to retrain employees, develop sustainable digital transformation strategies and fully digitize the supply chain.

This article compares idiomatic words in Karakalpak and English literature, examining their cultural origins, functions, and translation issues. Karakalpak idioms, rooted in nomadic life and nature, differ from English idioms, which often reflect biblical, Shakespearean, and urban traditions. While both languages share universal themes such as animal and food imagery, they diverge in symbolism and historical context. The study also highlights the difficulty of translating idioms literally, emphasizing the need for cultural adaptation.

This study analyzes the progress of digital transformation in Uzbekistan between 2020 and early 2025, with a particular focus on the institutional mechanisms that support this process and the managerial implications for companies. The research relies on official strategy documents, UNDP’s Digital Economy of Uzbekistan (2025), DataReportal’s Digital 2025: Uzbekistan, ICT sector statistics, and IT Park reports. The findings show that by January 2025 Internet penetration had reached approximately 89 percent of the population, or 32.7 million users. Exports of ICT services by IT Park residents grew to 344 million US dollars in 2023, while the ICT sector accounted for 2.1 percent of GDP and employed around 87,800 people.

This article explores the capabilities of working with date and time in the Python programming language. The main focus is on modules such as datetime, time, and calendar, which allow measuring time, displaying dates, working with time zones, and representing time in various formats. Practical examples are provided to demonstrate comparing dates, calculating time intervals, processing user-input dates, and applying these concepts in real projects. The article aims to help developers use Python’s date and time functionalities more efficiently and effectively.

This article discusses the physiology of breathing as one of the main processes of human life. This process involves the intake of oxygen and the expulsion of carbon dioxide. It explores the connections not only with the respiratory process but also with the cardiovascular system, blood, and metabolic activities at the cellular level. The breathing process is controlled by the central nervous system, particularly the respiratory centres in the brain. These centres regulate the respiratory rate based on the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. The classification of hypoxia aims to study the causes and mechanisms of its occurrence, by studying the respiratory and heart rate changes as a result of the body's increased demand for oxygen during physical activity.

This article discusses the effectiveness of organizing the educational process based on communicative competence in the rapidly developing social life, its role in helping young people find their place in society, and its impact on the socialization of the younger generation.

The article analyzes key didactic challenges in teaching the principle of superposition in quantum mechanics. Special attention is given to psychological barriers arising from the abstract nature of the concept and its contrast with classical intuition. The need for visualization, analogies, and computer modeling is emphasized to enhance students’ conceptual understanding. Methodological recommendations are proposed to support effective learning and to help students grasp superposition as a fundamental principle of quantum theory.

This study explores the national-cultural specificity of associative portraits in linguistics, focusing on how linguistic associations reflect collective consciousness and cultural identity. Language, as both a means of communication and a repository of cultural heritage, preserves national traditions, values, and social practices. The research examines the associative responses of different linguistic communities to the stimulus word “monument,” using data from the Slavic Associative Dictionary. Comparative analysis reveals both universal and culturally specific associations across Russian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, and Ukrainian speakers, where notions of memory, national heroes, and symbolic artifacts dominate

This аrticle discusses the rоle аnd impоrtаnce оf fаshiоn in the lives оf mоdern yоuth. Fаshiоn is nоt оnly а meаns оf аppeаrаnce аnd beаuty fоr yоung peоple, but аlsо а wаy tо express their persоnаlity, thоughts аnd views. Thrоugh fаshiоn, yоung peоple feel а sense оf belоnging tо sоciаl grоups аnd cоnsider themselves tо belоng tо such grоups. The аrticle аlsо discusses vаriоus subcultures thаt аre pоpulаr аmоng yоung peоple, such аs hip-hоp оr K-pоp styles. Tоdаy, sоciаl netwоrks; plаtfоrms such аs Instаgrаm, TikTоk, YоuTube plаy аn impоrtаnt rоle in stimulаting yоung peоple's interest in fаshiоn аnd quickly аdоpting new trends.

This аrticle briefly cоvers the histоry оf design аnd the methоds аnd techniques used tоdаy. These methоds аnd techniques аttrаct peоple with their beаuty аnd expаnd their thinking аbоut аrt аnd design. The аrticle briefly cоvers the histоry оf the infоrmаtiоn аnd represents the unique аrt оf eаch erа.

Academic writing requires more than grammatical accuracy; it demands clarity, logical organization, and effective textual connectivity. Coherence and cohesion play central roles in achieving these qualities, as coherence ensures the logical flow of ideas, while cohesion provides linguistic devices that link sentences and paragraphs. This article examines the theoretical foundations of coherence and cohesion, analyzes their pedagogical importance, and discusses practical strategies for teaching them in academic contexts. It further highlights the challenges teachers face, including cultural differences in rhetorical traditions, overuse of cohesive markers, and curriculum constraints. Through scholarly perspectives and classroom-based examples, the paper argues that effective instruction in coherence and cohesion equips students with the ability to construct clear, persuasive, and academically credible texts.

The article discusses the potential of the acmeological approach in enhancing the methodology of teaching education for future primary school teachers. Acmeology, as a scientific discipline that studies the patterns and conditions of personal and professional development at the peak of one’s capabilities, provides a valuable framework for preparing teachers capable of meeting modern educational challenges. The study emphasizes how acmeological principles—self-development, reflection, goal orientation, and professional growth—can be integrated into pedagogical training programs.

In the article, the author studied some topical issues of linguistics. Attention was paid to the linguistic features, stylistic differences and the use of artistic means of the poet Umar's works.

This article explores effective strategies for the methodological training of English language teachers in the digital era. The study emphasizes that contemporary teachers require not only linguistic and communicative competence but also the ability to integrate digital pedagogy into their methodological repertoire. An experimental study involving in-service English teachers was conducted to assess the impact of digital strategies such as reflective practice, digital mediation, AI-based feedback, and collaborative online learning. The results indicate that teachers who applied these strategies developed higher levels of adaptability, confidence, and methodological preparedness compared to colleagues trained through traditional approaches. Nevertheless, challenges such as differences in digital literacy, lack of institutional support, and limited resources were identified.

In the context of globalization, expanding students’ worldview and shaping strong moral and ethical values is one of the most urgent tasks of education. This article analyzes the importance of teaching social and humanitarian sciences in enriching students’ intellectual and cultural outlook. First, the influence of disciplines such as philosophy, history, law, political science, and literature on the formation of personal worldview is discussed. Special attention is paid to how social and humanitarian knowledge fosters critical thinking, respect for national and universal values, and a proper understanding of one’s role in society. The article also highlights effective teaching methods, the use of modern pedagogical technologies, and the integration of digital tools into the learning process. As a result, it is substantiated that social and humanitarian sciences play a crucial role in preparing the young generation to become well-rounded, independent thinkers and responsible individuals.

This article examines emotional-evaluative suffixation as one of the key mechanisms for shaping expressiveness and evaluativeness in the language of modern media. Using 21st-century media texts, the most productive word-formation models are analyzed, including suffixes of subjective evaluation, pejorative, ironic, and colloquial formants, which provide a variety of connotative nuances. The main functions of emotional-evaluative suffixation—evaluative, expressive, manipulative, and pragmatic—are identified, allowing journalistic discourse to combine information content with impact on the addressee. The special role of digitalization and social media, which have reinforced the trend toward democratization of media speech, subjectivization of news discourse, and its approximation to everyday speech, is noted. A conclusion is drawn about the importance of emotional-evaluative suffixation as a tool for flexible adaptation of media texts to the conditions of modern communication, and prospects for further research in the field of the interaction of expressive means in traditional and digital media are outlined.

This article examines the emergence, development, achievements, benefits and future prospects of the sport of athletics. In our country, consistent measures are being taken to popularize physical education and sports, create the necessary conditions and infrastructure for promoting a healthy lifestyle among the population, especially young people, and ensure the country's worthy participation in international sports arenas. Also, measures for the development of sports in our country have been developed and implemented on a large scale. That is why our country has a huge potential for the development of sports.

This article proposes a methodology for implementing 5S and Poka-Yoke programs in an integrated approach to reduce errors and eliminate (motion & search) losses in assembly lines in the automotive industry.

This article examines the methodology for developing flexibility in preschool children. The research analyzed the scientific approaches of both foreign and Uzbek scholars, defining theoretical and practical foundations. The results of experimental sessions demonstrated that systematic application of specific exercises significantly improves muscle elasticity, joint mobility, posture, and overall physical development in children. The paper highlights methodological approaches, pedagogical conditions, and effective techniques for enhancing flexibility in early childhood education.

This article highlights innovative methods for controlling arterial hypertension and its consequences. In recent years, cardiovascular diseases have ranked among the leading causes of death worldwide. Effective blood pressure control plays a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of these conditions. The paper analyzes the advantages of modern digital technologies, smart devices, telemedicine, AI-based systems, and new pharmacological agents for monitoring and managing blood pressure. Furthermore, the prospects for implementing these technologies in Uzbekistan's healthcare system are discussed.

This article examines the interplay between tradition and modernity in the development of Uzbek novel writing. The formation process of the novel genre in Uzbek literature and the interaction between national traditional elements and modern artistic techniques are explored through the perspectives of literary scholars and practical examples. Furthermore, the artistic and aesthetic significance of the harmony between tradition and modernity is revealed through a comparative analysis of novels from different periods. The stages of formation and development of Uzbek novel writing are summarized using a tabular and analytical approach. The article aims to examine the Uzbek literary process in conjunction with modern literary theory.

This article provides a broad analysis of the historical development of humanistic ideas in Uzbek literature. Starting from ancient written monuments, it examines the various manifestations of humanism during the Eastern Renaissance, the Timurid literary school, the Jadid movement, and contemporary literature of the independence period. Through the works of such writers as Alisher Navoi, Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, Abdulla Qodiriy, Cho‘lpon, Erkin Vohidov, Abdulla Oripov, and Tog‘ay Murod, the concepts of human dignity, justice, compassion, freedom, and spiritual perfection are highlighted. Furthermore, the views of scholars are presented, enriched with literary criticism perspectives. The results of the study demonstrate that humanism is inherent to all stages of Uzbek literature, serving as an important spiritual foundation that unites national and universal values.

The article highlights the role and significance of the “Step towards PhD” project in developing the scientific potential of young researchers in Uzbekistan. In the context of global competition, this project is of great importance as it supports young scholars, provides them with methodological assistance, promotes international scientific cooperation, and helps them achieve success in research activities. Within the framework of the project, training sessions are organized to develop research methodology, presentation of research results, public speaking, psychological preparedness, and other skills. These initiatives contribute to further enhancing the scientific capacity of young female researchers.

This article provides a comparative analysis of the tense systems in English and Uzbek languages and highlights the main difficulties faced by EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners. The complexity of tense and aspect categories in English, their equivalents in Uzbek, as well as typical errors made by students are analyzed through examples. Furthermore, the article demonstrates ways to overcome these difficulties using effective pedagogical approaches, namely contrastive analysis, visual aids, and communicative exercises.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the distinctive aspects of accounting in agricultural enterprises. Specifically, it highlights the factors of seasonality, the existence of multi-branch activities, the utilization of fixed assets, the perishability of products, and the role of state subsidies and incentives in accounting. Furthermore, the theoretical foundations and practical challenges of agricultural accounting are examined, with their significance substantiated through tables and analytical explanations.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the main ideological content of Karakalpak folk epics, particularly the principles of patriotism and love of freedom. The role of epics in shaping the historical destiny, socio-spiritual views, and national consciousness of the Karakalpak people is highlighted. The article also reveals unique manifestations of values such as freedom, courage, and loyalty formed in the people's consciousness through specific examples and character portrayals. During the research process, the educational and spiritual significance of the epics is also extensively discussed

The article is devoted to the analysis of legal and social aspects of protest demonstrations and collective appeals. It examines the rights of citizens to hold peaceful assemblies and freely express their opinions, as well as their basis in international and national legislation. Special attention is given to the differences between protest demonstrations and collective appeals, the procedures for their organization and conduct, and issues of ensuring public safety during such events. Additionally, the factors contributing to the emergence of protest demonstrations are analyzed, and recommendations for their timely detection and prevention are provided.

This article presents an empirical analysis of the influence of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) on the teaching performance of novice English language teachers in Nukus, Uzbekistan, using data drawn from a recent mixed-methods field study. The study combined a structured survey of 50 novice teachers (1–3 years of experience) with semi-structured interviews of five purposively selected participants. Quantitative analysis shows high engagement in CPD activities (70% of respondents in the past year) and favourable self-reported impacts on pedagogical knowledge, classroom management, and teacher confidence. Workshops (56%), online courses (40%) and conferences (36%) were the most attended formats. Time constraints, limited access and financial costs emerged as the primary barriers to CPD engagement. Thematic analysis of interviews reveals that CPD participation catalysed pedagogical shifts (project-based learning, technology integration, student-centred methods), increased student engagement, and strengthened teachers’ professional agency, though institutional support remained uneven. The paper situates these findings within international literature on induction, mentoring and CPD, and provides policy and practice recommendations tailored to the Uzbek context.

This work highlights the issues of effective organization of physical education classes for secondary school students with various changes in the musculoskeletal system. Today, such defects as spinal curvature (scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis), foot deformities (flat feet, O- and X-shaped feet), and muscle development disorders are widespread among students. These conditions negatively affect not only the health of children, but also their psychological state and social adaptation.

In this article, K. Allambergenov's drama "Amir Timur and Er Edige (Great Campaign) " is analyzed from the perspective of ideological-thematic, historical, and literary truth. The work reflects the artistic processing of historical facts, its connection with the folk epic "Edige," the creation of heroic images, and the author's aesthetic concept. The drama addresses multifaceted issues such as the people's striving for freedom and peaceful life, the establishment of justice, and the eradication of violence and religious conflicts. In the article, the inextricable harmony of historical truth and artistic reality is expressed through powerful poetic devices. Furthermore, it vividly and convincingly portrays historical figures like Amir Timur, Er Edige, and Tokhtamysh, demonstrating the author's mastery in processing major literary themes

This article highlights the practical significance of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Competition,” adopted in 2023, for business entities. The research analyzes modern issues such as the concept of dominant position, forms of unfair competition, and barriers to market entry. A particular focus is given to the introduction of the antitrust compliance system as a mandatory legal institution under the new law. This system ensures legal security and stability for large business entities and state-owned enterprises. As a result, mechanisms for compliance with legislation and support of economic reforms are reinforced.

This article examines the history of global architectural schools. Teaching methods at various stages of their development are presented and analyzed. The analysis concludes that the use of these teaching methods, either fully or partially, contributes to the development of the creative potential of students studying architecture. The analysis demonstrates the relevance of further exploring the possibilities of integrating these methods into the modern architecture curriculum.

The article examines the concepts of diglossia  and bilingualism, as well as the phenomenon of *interference* and its various types.

The article discusses the pedagogical and psychological aspect of the problem: in visual activity classes, children learn to observe objects that are the result of practical activity and lessons, as well as to compose stories based on drawings.

This article discusses the importance of pencil drawings in achieving aesthetic appeal in a work of art. In particular, the techniques of pencil drawings, the historical development of the method of teaching pencil drawings, their content and ways of improving them are studied. In addition, the flexibility and importance of the hand in drawing are studied.

In the Karakalpak language, words that convey quantitative meaning between numerals and nouns form a large group. Such words are called numeratives. The article examines numeratives, which have not been specifically studied in Karakalpak linguistics, and explores their types, providing examples as the basis.

This article analyzes the use of stylistic devices, particularly anaphora, metaphor, comparison, and epithets, in the works of the renowned Karakalpak writer Kenesbay Rakhmanov. Foremost, the role of repetition (anaphora) in enhancing rhythmic harmony in the author's poetic works is demonstrated. Additionally, through metaphors, characters are portrayed as symbols of greatness, light, and guidance. Comparisons and epithets further enrich the imagery and intensify emotional impact. The article, based on an analytical approach, illustrates how the poet's themes of patriotism, enlightenment, and the exaltation of the mother figure are profoundly reflected through artistic means. The concluding section summarizes the aesthetic and ideological functions of stylistic devices in Rakhmanov's work.