CONTENT AND LANGUAGE INTEGRATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF ICLHE, EMI AND CLIL

Annotatsiya

In the early 21st century, the increasing importance of foreign language competence for international communication and academic success has led to the widespread adoption of multilingual education programs across Europe. Approaches such as CLIL in primary and secondary education, EMI in higher education have emerged to integrate language learning with content instruction. However, despite these initiatives, challenges remain in effectively combining subject knowledge with language learning. In particular, these programs in higher education face difficulties in ensuring that students not only understand complex academic content but also develop sufficient proficiency in the target language to engage with the material meaningfully. This creates a gap in students’ ability to achieve both content mastery and language competence simultaneously, highlighting the need for effective strategies and teaching approaches that facilitate integrated content and language learning in higher education settings.