This study aimed to enhance the oral communication skills  of English learners. The results of this study revealed that the English learners face many problems related to speaking skill, such as confusion and embarrassment; they did not learn speaking lessons correctly at school, and face difficulty in pronouncing some words. The results also showed that the most frequent problems were the limited amount of vocabulary among them, while the least frequent problems were the difficulty in understanding questions. This study also presented some of appropriate solutions to overcome the weakness in speaking skill, such as practicing speaking English inside and outside the classroom effectively, using the modern social media to communicate in English and to express the students’ feelings and needs.

In this article, I will focus on the art of maqom, one of the oldest forms of art.prose and difficulty categories are given. Music from ancient art from its own process with the social life of mankind to the present day continues to form depending on. There is great work to be done in its development the ground for the future.

This given article aimes to reveal what is teaching vocabulary in the foreign language. It’s role, importance and necessity in English language. Also it shows the ways and stages how to develeop it in.It also discusses lexical and analytical importance in the English language. The author of this article shares his knowledge about how the term of vocabulary appeared in linguistics, comparison of learning process among learners in English and their native language. In addition, there are described the most common mistakes in students speech and their usage in the given language.

Xerostomia, or dry mouth, is a common and often underestimated clinical condition that can significantly impair patients' quality of life. This condition can be associated with various diseases, as well as with the negative effects of medications used to treat them. This is especially important for patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system, as many of them receive medications that can cause changes in salivation. Symptoms of xerostomia include discomfort, difficulty swallowing and speaking, and an increased risk of dental disease. Despite the significant impact of xerostomia on the health of patients, the issues of its assessment and management remain insufficiently investigated. management.

The listening skill can be challenging for students due to various factors. Some of the common challenges include understanding accents and pronunciation, dealing with unfamiliar vocabulary, coping with background noise and distractions, following complex instructions, struggling with note-taking skills, lack of practice, anxiety and lack of confidence, and difficulty understanding different accents and dialects. Understanding accents and pronunciation can be difficult for students as they may not be accustomed to hearing speakers with different accents or those who speak quickly. This can make it hard to catch all the words and comprehend the overall message.

The article explores the challenges faced by educators when teaching English to students with disabilities. It discusses various types of disabilities, including physical, intellectual, and emotional impairments, and how these conditions affect language acquisition. The article highlights the importance of using inclusive teaching methods, personalized learning plans, and assistive technologies.

The characteristic signs of viral and bacterial pneumonia are similar. However, the symptoms of viral pneumonia may be more numerous than the symptoms of bacterial pneumonia. In children under the age of five with symptoms of coughing or difficulty breathing, accompanied or not accompanied by high fever, pneumonia is diagnosed by the presence of rapid breathing or retraction of the lower chest wall when the chest moves inward, or retracts, during inhalation (in a healthy person, the chest expands during inhalation). Wheezing is more common in viral infections.  Among respiratory diseases, pneumonia is the most important cause of death in children worldwide. Every year, it claims the lives of approximately 1.2 million children under the age of five. It is the cause of all deaths of children under the age of five worldwide. Pneumonia is widespread, pneumonia can be prevented by simple measures, it can be treated with simple inexpensive drugs with proper care and with early detection and timely hospitalization of sick children.

The research focuses on the difficult task of managing English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms where students have different levels of language ability. Such environments often cause problems because a single lesson might be too hard for some and too easy for others. To solve this, Task-Based Instruction (TBI) is analyzed as a primary tool for organizing the learning process. The study looks at how giving students real-life tasks helps to bridge the gap between beginners and advanced learners. Results show that using tasks increases student engagement and allows for more flexible learning. The analysis proves that when students work on concrete goals, the focus shifts from the difficulty of the grammar to the success of the communication. The conclusion suggests that Task-Based Instruction is a practical and effective way to ensure that no student is left behind in a multi-level group.

In the developed and developing world now, there are tons of ways for learning
particular skill. This article research will reveal some advantages and disadvantages of online
learning. Besides, we will illustrate some ways for students who have difficulty in learning
online but no time or effort for offline learning.

Dental caries is a pathological process, this disease is observed after the eruption of teeth. It is characterized by demineralization and erosion of tooth hard tissues, as well as the formation of defects in tooth hard tissue. The prevalence of caries is especially high among children. One of the main reasons for this is the difficulty of recognizing oral hygiene in children and the uniqueness of the enamel of milk teeth.

This article presents an expanded structural and functional analysis of phonemic theory within the English phonological system, with particular emphasis on the systematic relationship between phonemes and their allophonic realizations. Grounded in the theoretical traditions of European structuralism and generative phonology, the study conceptualizes phonemes as abstract cognitive units that acquire phonetic substance through context-sensitive rules. Using minimal pair analysis, distributional evidence, and contextual phonological interpretation, the research examines aspiration, lateral velarization, alveolar flapping, and vowel duration as core manifestations of English allophony. The findings demonstrate that allophonic variation in English is strictly rule-governed and integral to phonological competence rather than peripheral phonetic detail. The article further argues that insufficient phonemic awareness constitutes a primary source of pronunciation difficulty for second language learners. Pedagogical and applied implications are discussed with reference to pronunciation instruction, speech therapy, and speech technology. The study contributes to contemporary phonological debate by reaffirming the explanatory power of phonemic theory in both theoretical and applied domains.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological condition characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra [1]. Individuals with PD experience a range of motor and nonmotor symptoms throughout the progression of the disease. While bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, and tremors are commonly recognized motor symptoms, patients often report difficulties in activities such as rising from a chair or performing the sit-to-stand (STS) task [2]. The STS task holds significant importance in overall mobility, determining functional independence, and influencing the quality of life [2, 3]. It is estimated that approximately 44% of PD patients encounter some level of difficulty in performing this task [2].

Modern education can be developing and educating only if it belongs to the activation of students' thinking. The more active the student's cognitive processes (sensation, perception, representation, memorization, imagination, thinking), the higher the effectiveness of his/her learning. Therefore, the teacher's ability to activate, i.e. awaken, stimulate, direct thinking and other cognitive processes of students, is one of the most important signs of pedagogical mastery.

Sleep-related complaints of pediatric patients include difficulty falling asleep, waking up at night, snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, and daytime dysfunction. Melatonin is commonly used to treat sleep difficulties. Melatonin use is also important in improving symptoms other than sleep problems, such as anxiety, depression, pain and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Lozenges have advantages such as being easy-to-administer dosage forms for children, not needing to be swallowed, being easy to change their contents and customize for the patient, having a long disintegration time, keeping the active ingredient in contact with the buccal mucosa for a very long time, and being prepared in different ways and given to children like candy.

This article examines the challenges and benefits of teaching mathematics in online environments and proposes effective strategies to enhance learning outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of mathematics in developing logical reasoning, problem-solving, and analytical thinking, and highlights the growing reliance on digital education in response to technological advancements and the COVID-19 pandemic. The article identifies key challenges such as limited teacher-student interaction, technical difficulties, difficulty explaining abstract concepts, and issues with online assessment and feedback. Conversely, it explores the benefits of online mathematics instruction, including flexibility, self-paced learning, accessibility, the use of interactive digital tools, and opportunities for creative teaching. The study further presents strategies for improving online mathematics teaching, including the integration of interactive programs, promoting active participation, providing timely feedback, and engaging in professional development. The conclusion underscores that, despite challenges, online mathematics teaching offers transformative potential when combined with innovative pedagogy and technology.

This article describes some of the problems encountered in the translation of scientific and technical terms that are currently relevant and their causes. In fact, not only students, but also experts face a number of difficulties when translating scientific and technical texts, because it is important to learn the terms of that particular field along with the set of general words in the translation.

In this article, an accomplished literary critic, navviist, mystic, translator and translation scholar, doctor of philological sciences, professor Najmiddin Komilov, famous representatives of Eastern Sufi literature, Farididdin Attar's "Mantiq ut-tayr", "Ilohiynoma", Husain Vaiz Koshifi's "Futuvvatnomai - Sultani", Sultan Valad's "Maarif", Aziziddin Nasafi's "Zubdat ul-Haqayiq" and Sayyid Muhammad Khatami's "From the History of Islamic Thought" translated from Persian into Uzbek by skillful translation, in general, scientific study and assessment of the scientist's translation activities, and the scientist's current problems of translation studies. His views on research are analyzed. The above-mentioned translator Najmiddin Komilov's works, translated from Persian to Uzbek, have a fluent language and a simple style, and the reader will have no difficulty in reading the translated work. In the article, the translator's "Translation skills of Muhammad Reza Ogahi" (candidacy thesis), "Khorazm school of translation (problems of typological and comparative research of the translation history of the 19th century)" (doctoral thesis), "This is an ancient art", "Caravans of thought" and the co-authored scientific research "Bridges of Friendship" and "Translator's Skills" were analyzed, about 20 literary translations from Persian by the famous poet, historian and translator M.R. Ogahi, Ogahi's translation skills, which stand in a high position in Uzbek translation studies The emergence, formation and development of Khorezm translation school, prominent representatives of Khorezm translation school. artistic translation and its poetic and prose forms, complex aspects and requirements of poetic translation, the importance of translation in studying the work of Hafiz and Goethe and other thinker poets of classical Eastern and Western literature, in general, N. Komilov's Uzbek translation studies Scientific opinions and views on current problems were studied. While referring to the history of Uzbek translation studies, translator Najmiddin Komilov provides information about the translation work of Abu Rayhan Beruni, a great encyclopedist, a representative of Eastern Renaissance culture, who made a great contribution to the development of the Khorezm translation school. According to the translator, A. Beruni knew several languages ​​such as Arabic (Syriac), Greek, Indian (Sanskrit), Jewish (Hebrew), Persian and Turkish and was recognized as a skilled translator and a clever translator of his time. The studies of the hard-working scientist on the development of Uzbek translation studies are distinguished by their richness in literary-aesthetic, philosophical-logical thinking. In the conditions of today's globalization, translation and translation studies have an important role in the development of science in Uzbekistan, since translations lead humanity to progress and raise world civilization.

In this article ways of constructing items in reading tests are demonstrated. The investigation of the effect of item test characteristics on the difficulty of reading comprehension item often involves an analysis of various variables including passage features, question type features and question format variables.The study is based on describing the process of developing an academic reading ability test undertaken as a class project and to evaluate its authenticity. The basic purpose of the test is to develop the ability of designing and developing a language test of the students of a class of English language teaching. Thus, in this way along with the learning of the principles of language testing and assessment, the students have also been given a practical experience of designing and developing a test.

This article compares idiomatic words in Karakalpak and English literature, examining their cultural origins, functions, and translation issues. Karakalpak idioms, rooted in nomadic life and nature, differ from English idioms, which often reflect biblical, Shakespearean, and urban traditions. While both languages share universal themes such as animal and food imagery, they diverge in symbolism and historical context. The study also highlights the difficulty of translating idioms literally, emphasizing the need for cultural adaptation.

This article is devoted to difference between oral written translation. Oral simultaneous translation is more complex. This is an interpretation of what is heard in real time. The difficulty of a simultaneous interpreter's work is that he has to instantly realize what the speaker is saying and immediately translate his speech to all listeners.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic pathological process, the main pathogenetic mechanism of which is inflammation caused by immunoglobulin E (IgE)–an indirect hypersensitivity reaction that develops as a result of allergens entering the nasal mucosa and manifesting sneezing, nasal congestion, itching and nasal discharge of various nature. Of the extranasal symptoms, complaints of poor sleep, lacrimation, redness of the eyes, stuffiness in the ears or hearing loss as a result of dysfunction of the auditory tubes, emotional instability are more often noted [1]. It is characterized by itching in the nose, difficulty breathing, sneezing and runny nose. Most often, the painful condition is associated with seasonal allergies.

The article describes the unusual use of glass ionomer cement "Fuji Plus" for the treatment of dental caries in children. The difficulty of treating dental caries seems to be one of the most important in dentistry. At the same time, our researchers have found that the method of boundary fitting of seals made of glass ionomer cement "Fuji Plus"  modified with silver fluoride is considered more effective.

This study attempted to examine the true problems in English education as well as the solutions implemented by English teachers. A number of concerns occurred, some of which were created by students, some by teachers, and some by the facilities at the school or college. Students struggle with a lack of linguistic understanding, poor concentration, a lack of discipline, a lack of interest, boredom, and difficulty speaking. Meanwhile, teachers confront challenges such as a lack of teacher training, a language competency issue, a limited understanding of teaching methods, unfamiliarity with technology, and a lack of professional development.

The article touches upon the topic of using the method of role-playing/simulation in teaching students a foreign language. Particular attention is paid to the question of how this method can be used in higher education institutions to encourage students to make the most of the foreign language in the classroom. The authors draw attention to the fact that the types of role-plays can be different depending on the level of difficulty and language skills of the students, and that it is necessary to choose the right type of role-play appropriate to the knowledge level of the group.