This article is devoted to the actual problem of modern medicine of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is these diseases that come to the fore in exceptional case. The frequency of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease every year the article reflects the modern ideas of scientists, advanced facts of scientific literature. Particular attention is paid to the cytokine status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

A study was conducted on 200 patients aged between 34 to 79 years with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to analyze medical and social factors using a questionnaire. The average age of patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was 54.2 ± 0.77 years, with men averaging 55.4 ± 1.08 years and women 52.5 ± 1.31 years. Of the total patients, 122 (61.0 ± 4.4%) were male and 78 (39.0 ± 5.5%) were female. Only 10.7% of COPD patients were under the care of a pulmonologist. During their illness, 57.1% of patients did not receive fundamental anti-inflammatory therapy. Approximately 43.6% of COPD patients resided in households with over 5 members, and a similar percentage, 43.5%, were employed.Patients living independently demonstrated a higher proportion, with only 25.7% rating their living conditions as satisfactory. It was discovered that 51.4% of individuals with COPD were current smokers, with an average smoking history of 28.2 ± 0.98 years.

Hyperinsulinemia is a condition characterized by elevated blood insulin levels, which is often found in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Comorbid conditions worsen the course of COPD, increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications and metabolic disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of hyperinsulinemia in patients with COPD, its impact on disease severity, inflammation, and lung function. Data analysis reveals a link between metabolic disorders and the severity of respiratory disease, and highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to treating these patients.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often coexists with other chronic diseases, namely comorbidities. They negatively affect the prognosis, exacerbations and quality of life of patients with COPD. However, no studies have been conducted to examine the impact of these comorbidities on the clinical control criteria of COPD.

The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is a simple, non-invasive assessment tool used to evaluate functional exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study investigates the prognostic significance of 6MWT performance in predicting disease progression, hospitalizations, and mortality among COPD patients. A cohort of individuals with moderate to severe COPD was evaluated using the 6MWT, and outcomes were tracked over a defined follow-up period. Results indicated that a lower 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) was significantly associated with increased risk of exacerbations, reduced quality of life, and higher mortality. These findings support the use of the 6MWT as a valuable predictor of clinical outcomes and as a practical tool for risk stratification in routine COPD management.

Dyslipidemia, characterized by abnormal lipid profiles, is frequently observed in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This condition has gained attention due to its potential impact on the progression of COPD and its association with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms linking dyslipidemia to COPD are multifactorial, involving systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and alterations in lipid metabolism. These changes may exacerbate the underlying pulmonary pathology and contribute to the higher cardiovascular risk seen in COPD patients. This review examines the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical significance, and potential therapeutic strategies to address dyslipidemia in the context of COPD. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early detection, monitoring of lipid profiles, and the role of lipid-modifying agents in improving patient outcomes.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) are two highly prevalent chronic conditions with significant global health burden. Increasing evidence indicates a strong interplay between these disorders, mediated by systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysregulation. The coexistence of COPD and MetS is associated with accelerated lung function decline, higher frequency of exacerbations, increased cardiovascular risk, and reduced quality of life. This review summarizes current epidemiological data, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical implications of the COPD–MetS overlap. Additionally, emerging therapeutic strategies—including lifestyle interventions, pharmacological approaches, and precision medicine—are discussed. Understanding the interaction between COPD and MetS is critical for early detection, risk stratification, and integrated patient management, and future research should focus on longitudinal studies and novel biomarker-based approaches.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an independent nosological form, which is characterized by limitation of the air flow rate associated with the pathological inflammatory process in the lungs. This disease is one of the most common diseases in the world, its prevalence in different countries is from 6% to 26%. causes complications. Currently, special attention is paid to the study of OSOK risk factors, including urban air pollution, an increase in the amount of industrial dust, age, smoking, infectious diseases of the respiratory tract, their frequent exacerbations, obstructive lung. the condition of the disease is getting worse. In clinical practice, there are no standards for identifying comorbidities, treating physicians are not always focused on the search for concomitant pathology, which leads to late detection of cardiovascular pathology , as a result of which complications and mortality increase.

Pulmonary diseases represent one of the most pressing and complex challenges in global healthcare, with their etiology rooted in the intricate interplay of genetic, environmental, and infectious factors. This article provides an in-depth scientific analysis of the causes, pathogenetic mechanisms, and consequences of pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Key causes include genetic predispositions (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, CFTR gene mutations), environmental factors (tobacco smoking, air pollution, occupational hazards), and infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis). The consequences encompass respiratory insufficiency, cardiovascular diseases, and psychological issues at the individual level, as well as economic losses and burdens on healthcare systems at the societal level. The article highlights the importance of preventive measures, including smoking cessation, vaccination, and air quality improvement, while also discussing future research directions such as gene therapy and artificial intelligence-based diagnostic methods. This work emphasizes the need to enhance global healthcare strategies and strengthen environmental protection measures.

Multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in patients with comorbid conditions that complicate diagnosis and treatment. This study investigates the clinical manifestations, microbiological characteristics, and treatment outcomes of MDR-TB in patients with associated diseases. A cohort of 120 patients with confirmed MDR-TB was analyzed, of whom 58 had one or more comorbid conditions, including diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), HIV infection, and cardiovascular diseases. The study found that comorbidities altered the clinical presentation of MDR-TB, often leading to atypical radiological patterns and prolonged bacterial persistence. Microbiological analysis revealed higher rates of extensive drug resistance and delayed sputum conversion in patients with comorbidities. Treatment outcomes were less favorable in this group, with increased rates of treatment failure and adverse drug reactions. The findings underscore the need for individualized treatment strategies and integrated care approaches for MDR-TB patients with comorbid conditions to improve clinical outcomes.

In modern society, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), along with arterial hypertension, coronary болезнью heart disease (CHD) and diabetes mellitus, is в one of the leading chronic diseases; they account for more than 30% of all other forms of human pathology. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies COPD as a disease with a high level of social burden, and it is widespread in both в developed так and в developing countries. According прог нозу на период до to the WHO experts ' forecast for the period up to 2020, экспертами COPD will become not only one of the most common human diseases, but also one of the leading causes of death. At the same time ожидается снижение уровня, the mortality rate from myocardial infarction, cancer заболева#, tuberculosis, etc. is expected to decrease. 

This article describes a study analyzing the impact of COPD on the daily life and health of patients. The frequency of occurrence of depressive disorders among these patients and their impact on the course of the disease and the life of patients with COPD are analyzed. The study included 100 patients. The results emphasize the need to include assessment of depressive disorders in a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis of COPD for their further correction and improvement of the general condition of patients

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is accompanied not only by impaired respiratory function, but also by systemic metabolic disorders. One of the main manifestations of metabolic syndrome is hyperinsulinemia - an increase in insulin levels in the blood, which can precede the development of insulin resistance (insulin resistance) and type 2 diabetes.

The mathematical modeling of the oxygen and nutrient transportation in blood arteries C_blood (x,t) is investigated in this study and creating program by using Python and Google Colab for observing. Developing a mathematical model that explains blood flow and the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients over the walls of blood arteries in tissues takes front stage. The model considers the physical characteristics of the circulatory system as well as their interaction with the body's tissues: pressure, blood flow velocity, concentrations of oxygen O (x,t) and nutrients N(x,t). The primary objective of the effort is to construct an efficient model that will improve the knowledge of hemodynamic processes and support the evolution of techniques for cardiovascular disease diagnosis and treatment. Many cardiovascular and systemic disorders may be linked to hampered oxygen and nutrient movement in blood vessels. Often involving disturbed blood flow, limited oxygen availability to tissues, or poor nutrient diffusion, these disorders cause major health problems. Some important diseases connected to such disabilities are: Atherosclerosis, Ischemic Heart Disease (Coronary Artery Disease), Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD), Diabetes Mellitus, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Heart Failure, Anemia, Septic Shock, Vascular Dementia.

The article discusses the mechanisms of the influence of environmental factors on human respiratory health. The main air pollutants, their sources, as well as statistics on the incidence of respiratory diseases in the world are analyzed. The article presents research results demonstrating the relationship between the level of air pollution and an increase in the incidence of bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other pathologies of the respiratory system. Recommendations for reducing the negative environmental impact on the respiratory health of the population are presented.

The respiratory epithelium plays a critical role in maintaining respiratory health by serving as a barrier and an active participant in defense mechanisms against pathogens, allergens, and environmental irritants. This specialized pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium, interspersed with goblet cells, lines much of the respiratory tract and is essential for mucociliary clearance. Its unique structural adaptations facilitate the filtration, humidification, and warming of inhaled air. The transition from conducting to gas-exchange regions involves histological changes, with alveolar epithelium optimizing gas exchange through the interplay of Type I and Type II pneumocytes. Dysfunction or damage to the respiratory epithelium is implicated in various diseases, including asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, highlighting its importance in maintaining respiratory homeostasis. This review provides an overview of the structure, function, and pathophysiological significance of the respiratory epithelium, emphasizing its role in health and disease.