In this article, an accomplished literary critic, navviist, mystic, translator and translation scholar, doctor of philological sciences, professor Najmiddin Komilov, famous representatives of Eastern Sufi literature, Farididdin Attar's "Mantiq ut-tayr", "Ilohiynoma", Husain Vaiz Koshifi's "Futuvvatnomai - Sultani", Sultan Valad's "Maarif", Aziziddin Nasafi's "Zubdat ul-Haqayiq" and Sayyid Muhammad Khatami's "From the History of Islamic Thought" translated from Persian into Uzbek by skillful translation, in general, scientific study and assessment of the scientist's translation activities, and the scientist's current problems of translation studies. His views on research are analyzed. The above-mentioned translator Najmiddin Komilov's works, translated from Persian to Uzbek, have a fluent language and a simple style, and the reader will have no difficulty in reading the translated work. In the article, the translator's "Translation skills of Muhammad Reza Ogahi" (candidacy thesis), "Khorazm school of translation (problems of typological and comparative research of the translation history of the 19th century)" (doctoral thesis), "This is an ancient art", "Caravans of thought" and the co-authored scientific research "Bridges of Friendship" and "Translator's Skills" were analyzed, about 20 literary translations from Persian by the famous poet, historian and translator M.R. Ogahi, Ogahi's translation skills, which stand in a high position in Uzbek translation studies The emergence, formation and development of Khorezm translation school, prominent representatives of Khorezm translation school. artistic translation and its poetic and prose forms, complex aspects and requirements of poetic translation, the importance of translation in studying the work of Hafiz and Goethe and other thinker poets of classical Eastern and Western literature, in general, N. Komilov's Uzbek translation studies Scientific opinions and views on current problems were studied. While referring to the history of Uzbek translation studies, translator Najmiddin Komilov provides information about the translation work of Abu Rayhan Beruni, a great encyclopedist, a representative of Eastern Renaissance culture, who made a great contribution to the development of the Khorezm translation school. According to the translator, A. Beruni knew several languages ​​such as Arabic (Syriac), Greek, Indian (Sanskrit), Jewish (Hebrew), Persian and Turkish and was recognized as a skilled translator and a clever translator of his time. The studies of the hard-working scientist on the development of Uzbek translation studies are distinguished by their richness in literary-aesthetic, philosophical-logical thinking. In the conditions of today's globalization, translation and translation studies have an important role in the development of science in Uzbekistan, since translations lead humanity to progress and raise world civilization.

This article provides a comprehensive assessment of machine translation compared to human translation, with a focus on their precision and effectiveness. It investigates the development of translation techniques from initial rule-based systems and statistical machine translation to contemporary neural network models, analyzing how each approach addresses linguistic challenges. The study evaluates machine translation in terms of its speed and scalability, particularly drawing attention to recent improvements in neural machine translation that have enhanced fluency and contextual understanding. Nevertheless, it also points out shortcomings, such as challenges with idiomatic phrases, cultural subtleties, and context-specific details. On the other hand, human translation is demonstrated to thrive in interpreting intricate contexts and maintaining the original tone and intent, even though it tends to be slower and less consistent. Through a combination of quantitative error assessment and qualitative case studies, this article recommends a blended approach that combines the efficiency of machine translation with the depth of human interpretation, offering actionable suggestions for merging both methods in professional and academic environments.

Nowadays the use of IT technologies in translation has become more widespread and has significantly transformed the field of language translation. This article explores the various ways in which IT technologies, such as machine translation, computer-assisted translation tools, and translation memory systems, are being used to enhance the translation process and improve the quality of translations. It also emphasizes the importance of human expertise in translation and advocates for a collaborative approach, where IT technologies are used as tools to assist and enhance the work of human translators, rather than replacing them entirely. Ultimately, this article aims to provide an overview of the current status of IT technologies in translation and offer insights into their future potential and impact on this field.

Translation studies` has gradually evolved into an independent field, and translation criticism plays a significant role within this field. In other words, developing a comprehensive theoretical framework for translation studies is closely tied to the examination of translation criticism. This scientific article aims to explore the different ways in which translation criticism influences the field of translation studies. It begins with the definition of translation criticism, then continues with analyzes of its steps, functions, principles, and further developments. In this article the various translation criticism approaches, and their suitability issues are also examined.

This article explores the methodologies employed in the translation of literary works and examines the challenges translators face when adapting texts for new audiences. The study investigates various translation techniques, including equivalence, adaptation, literal translation, and contextual translation. Findings reveal that while these methods serve unique functions, they also present difficulties in preserving cultural nuances, maintaining literary style, translating figurative language, and balancing fidelity with readability. The discussion highlights strategies for overcoming these challenges, providing insights into effective literary translation practices.

This article examines the major types of translation within contemporary translation theory. It analyzes how translation strategies are selected according to text type, communicative purpose, and target audience. The study is grounded in theoretical views proposed by leading scholars in translation studies such as Nida, Newmark, Baker, and Vermeer. The analysis demonstrates that effective translation depends on choosing an appropriate translation type rather than applying a single rigid method. The findings emphasize the importance of translation typology in professional practice and translator education.

This article examines the main translation strategies used in the English–Uzbek translation of Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice. The study focuses on the ways in which lexical, grammatical, stylistic, and pragmatic features of the original text are rendered in the target language. Special attention is paid to strategies such as literal translation, modulation, transposition, adaptation, and amplification. By means of comparative analysis of selected fragments from the source and target texts, the research identifies the dominant translation strategies and evaluates their effectiveness in preserving the artistic, emotional, and communicative value of the original. The findings show that the translator employs a combination of direct and indirect strategies depending on cultural, linguistic, and stylistic constraints. The results of the study contribute to the development of translation theory and practical training in literary translation.

Despite the centuries-old history of the translation process and the ongoing study of its various aspects, many problems have not yet received a clear and definitive solution. The problem of assessing the quality of translation falls into this category. The question of how exactly it is necessary to translate in order to bring the translation into line with the original has become relevant with the advent of written translations and has not yet found its solution. This article discusses the concept of adequacy, as well as the tasks and issues of applying this concept in literary translation. In addition, the article discusses the use of units associated with the process of translating works of art from one language to another using the method of adequate translation.

Translation is a complex process that involves the transfer of meaning from one language to another. Translation theory has evolved over the years, exploring various approaches and models to understand the challenges and critical issues in translation. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of translation theory specifically focused on the German language. It examines the different theories and methodologies used in translation and highlights the critical problems faced by translators in rendering the German language into other languages. The article also discusses the impact of culture, context, and linguistic challenges on German translation, as well as the role of technology in addressing these issues. By addressing these critical problems, this study aims to contribute to the improvement of translation practices in the German language.

In  the age of technology, many people prefer  using   machines to translate various  types of texts. Even  person who  knows  English very well also tend to  use these type of machines. Because these kinds  of devices are  user-friendly, fast and accessible.  Moreover, it takes time just a few minutes. But It might not be always perfect and lead some translation errors.   This article  shows  the advantages  and disadvantages  of human translation and machine translation.

The article "Translation in Action: Enhancing Multilingual Communication in Everyday Life" investigates the dynamic role of translation as a practical tool for navigating daily interactions in multilingual environments. It emphasizes that translation is not limited to literary or official contexts, but is deeply embedded in routine situations—such as public transportation signage, healthcare consultations, digital content, education, and customer service. The article explores how translation enables individuals from diverse linguistic backgrounds to access essential services and information, thereby promoting inclusivity, clarity, and social cohesion. It further analyzes the evolving integration of machine translation tools and mobile apps in everyday settings and evaluates their benefits and limitations.

This article analyzes the problems of lexical and semantic inconsistency that arise in the process of simultaneous translation, which is one of the most complex and responsible forms of oral speech translation, from a scientific, theoretical and practical perspective. The main problems encountered by the translator in the process of receiving, processing and transmitting speech in real time are terminological inconsistency, polysemy, phraseological units, cultural-realities (realia), and context-dependent semantic shifts. The article highlights the cognitive causes, psycholinguistic factors, and their impact on discourse, and proposes effective strategies for their elimination - advance preparation, contextual prediction, ensuring equivalence based on a functional approach, and using compensation and paraphrase methods. The results of the study serve to improve the quality of simultaneous translation, develop the professional competence of translators, and enrich the theory of translation studies.

This article explores the translational features of ecological terms (ecoterms) with a focus on translation methods and contextual specificity in English, Uzbek, and Russian. Ecoterms constitute a dynamic layer of specialized vocabulary that reflects scientific knowledge, environmental policy, and socio-cultural attitudes toward nature. The study examines the main challenges in translating ecoterms, including contextual semantic variability, partial or complete non-equivalence across languages, and the selection of appropriate translation strategies. Using a comparative and descriptive approach, the article analyzes authentic examples from scientific, journalistic, and public discourse to illustrate the application of literal translation, calque, descriptive translation, adaptation, modulation, and compensation. Particular attention is given to the influence of communicative context, target audience, and translator competence on translation choices. The findings demonstrate that effective translation of ecoterms requires a flexible, context-sensitive approach that balances terminological accuracy with pragmatic adequacy in multilingual environmental communication.

This article examines the challenges encountered during the translation process, with particular attention to difficulties arising between closely related languages. It explores the issues of false equivalents and their proper handling in translation, emphasizing the relevance of addressing problems that occur in successive translation between related languages

The article presents analysis results of translation of medication package inserts from English and German to Russian and Uzbek languages. Data about the frequency of use of the translation techniques that correspond to lexical and grammatical transformations in translated units of any text genre is given. The most frequently used translation techniques are identified: selection of equivalent lexical forms, combination of different techniques, calque translation, and explicatory translation.

In this article, we will talk about the skills of artistic translation and several successful methods used in the direction of translation. Undoubtedly, the need to translate Uzbek literature, including poetry into Russian, arose for certain historical and social reasons, and Alexander Faynberg was one of the leaders in this field. The wider the range of topics studied in Uzbek literature and its translation, the wider the scope of unexplored topics. During the reading of the article, from the point of view of translation, it is possible to know that the recreation of poetic art in the artistic translation is not only one of the necessary conditions for giving the national originality reflected in the work, but also the preservation of the artistic juice of the original, the difference in terms of achieving emotional poetic translation has been analyzed and interpreted for centuries by philologists, poets, poetic scientists, specially engaged in the issues of poetic translation, and examples of the work of these poets are presented.

The article analyzes the importance of simultaneous translation among all types of interpretation. To do this, various aspects of this type of interpretation are considered, the characteristics of a simultaneous interpreter are assessed, and attention is also paid to possible difficulties that arise in the process of simultaneous interpreting.

This article examines the historical stages of translation science development in Europe from antiquity to contemporary institutionalization. It analyses theoretical paradigms, institutional frameworks, and cultural functions of translation, tracing the evolution from practical activity to an academic discipline. The research highlights the continuity and transformation of translation theory, the professionalization of translators, and the increasing role of translation in knowledge dissemination.

This thesis discusses about the some of the features of translation and their usage in informative texts also deals with the peculiarities of translation of informative texts. In fact, in the field of translation we often make a distinction between informative and literary translation in a rather arbitrary, but not entirely incorrect, fashion. On top of that, unlike in literary translation, creativity is not really required, but precision is essential as every professional translator knows. And in this thesis the reader can obtain some knowledge about some of the characteristics of informative translation and their importance in translation process.

The article presents analysis results of translation of medication package inserts from English and German to Russian and Uzbek languages. Data about the frequency of use of the translation techniques that correspond to lexical and grammatical transformations in translated units of any text genre is given. The most frequently used translation techniques are identified: selection of equivalent lexical forms, combination of different techniques, calque translation, and explicatory translation.

The article presents analysis results of translation of medication package inserts from English and German to Russian and Uzbek languages. Data about the frequency of use of the translation techniques that correspond to lexical and grammatical transformations in translated units of any text genre is given. The most frequently used translation techniques are identified: selection of equivalent lexical forms, combination of different techniques, calque translation, and explicatory translation.

From this paper work I write what is the simultaneous translation and where can we use translation is an activity that consists in variative re-expression, re-coding of a text generated in one language into a text in another language, carried out by a translator who creatively chooses an option depending on the variable resources of the language, the type of translation, the tasks of translation, the type of text and under the influence of one's own personality; translation is also the result of this activity,

Idiomatic expressions represent one of the most complex challenges in translation, as their figurative meanings rarely correspond directly across languages. This thesis investigates the translation of idioms between English and Uzbek, focusing on the negotiation of cultural meaning and communicative intent. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks from Nida, Newmark, Baker, and Venuti, as well as Uzbek scholars such as Qo‘chqorov and Yo‘ldoshev, the study analyzes idioms in both directions: English into Uzbek and Uzbek into English. Through detailed case studies, the research highlights how literal translation often fails, while functional equivalence, adaptation, cultural substitution, and descriptive translation provide more effective solutions. The findings underscore the translator’s role as a cultural mediator and emphasize the need for idiomatic competence in translation training programs in Uzbekistan. By situating idiom translation within the broader field of intercultural communication, the paper demonstrates that translation is more than a transfer of words; it is the transfer of meaning, culture, and worldview.

This article is devoted to the problem of translating literary text. The article analyzes the features of translating literary texts, ans also it demonstrates  ways of solving  linguistic problems and types of translating problems which occurs in the process of translating from English to Uzbek.

Theories of translation refer to the study of the process of translating written or spoken language from one language to another. Theories of translation explore the complexities and challenges of transferring meaning from one language to another. Translation is not simply a matter of replacing words in one language with their equivalents in another, but involves grappling with cultural differences, linguistic nuances, and the specific contexts in which texts are produced and received. Theories of translation consider questions such as how to convey idiomatic expressions or cultural references, how to maintain the author’s voice and style across languages, and how to navigate power dynamics between source and target cultures. These theories draw on a range of approaches, from linguistic and cultural studies to literary and philosophical analyses, and help us to better understand the role of translation in shaping our globalized world. And this article explores the grammatical difficulties in English- Uzbek translation process, because as we know the grammatically (morphological and syntactic ways) these two languages are the totally differentiates between each other.