The rapid digitalisation of Uzbekistan's economy – reflected in over 22 million active electronic payment users, UZS 1,100 trillion in non-cash transactions in 2024, and the expanding role of cryptocurrency platforms – has fundamentally transformed the evidentiary landscape in economic crime proceedings. This thesis examines the legal concept of digital traces under Uzbekistan's national legislation, analyses existing procedural mechanisms for their collection, authentication, and admission into evidence, and identifies the critical gaps that impede effective prosecution of digitally-enabled economic crimes. Grounded in the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Law on Electronic Documents, anti-corruption and AML/CFT legislation, and a series of Presidential Decrees shaping the digital economy, the thesis argues that while Uzbekistan has made significant legislative strides, a dedicated evidentiary regime for digital traces remains absent from the national legal framework – a deficit that demands urgent and targeted reform.

The investigation of crimes related to violations of information technology regulations in the Republic of Uzbekistan presents an urgent and complex challenge in the context of society's digital transformation. Within the framework of current legislation, including the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Informatization" (2003) and other regulatory acts, such crimes encompass unauthorized access to information systems, data breaches, cyberattacks, and non-compliance with critical infrastructure protection requirements. The key entities responsible for investigations are specialized units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the State Security Service, which collaborate with IT experts to analyze digital traces, conduct cybernetic examinations, and ensure the preservation of electronic evidence. However, the process is complicated by the rapid advancement of technologies, cybercriminals' use of encryption and anonymization techniques, and the transnational nature of cybercrimes, which necessitates international cooperation. Violations in the sphere of informatization pose risks to national security, the economy, and citizens' privacy, which is particularly critical in the context of implementing state digitalization programs.

This article provides a scientific analysis of the etymology and modern meaning of the term “cyber.” The study traces the origin of the term to the ancient Greek words “kybernētēs” and “kybernao,” which denote “to govern” and “to steer.” Special attention is given to the introduction of the term “cybernetics” by Norbert Wiener and its role in shaping a new scientific paradigm. The article also explores the transformation of the concept of “cyber” from its original meaning related to control and governance into a broad modern term associated with digital technologies, the internet, and virtual environments.

Aerial photogrammetry has experienced a rapid transition from analog to fully digital workflows, yet the geometric foundations of internal and external orientation remain indispensable. Internal orientation fixes the camera’s internal geometry so that every image‐space measurement can be expressed in a detector‐-centred coordinate system, whereas external orientation establishes the six rigid-body parameters that tie each exposure station to a terrestrial reference frame. This paper synthesises current theoretical and practical knowledge of both orientation stages, traces their evolution from glass-plate cameras to tightly coupled GNSS/IMU-assisted sensor systems, and reports a controlled experiment that quantifies how refined camera calibration and rigorous ground control reduce final object-space errors. A 120-image block acquired with a medium-format metric camera on an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) was processed twice: (a) with laboratory-derived interior parameters and dense ground control, and (b) with self-calibration and sparse control. The RMS object-space discrepancy dropped from 14.2 cm to 4.7 cm when precise interior parameters were enforced. Results confirm that meticulous treatment of both orientation steps is vital to meet contemporary accuracy requirements for large-scale topographic mapping and 3-D modelling.

The rapid proliferation of cryptocurrencies, electronic payment systems, and digital platforms has fundamentally altered the landscape of economic crime, creating novel vectors for money laundering, fraud, tax evasion, and illicit financing that challenge traditional regulatory paradigms. This article examines how digitalisation of financial flows has transformed the nature, scale, and geography of economic crime, with particular attention to the legislative responses of Uzbekistan alongside comparative analysis of approaches adopted in the European Union, the United States, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), and South Korea. It traces the evolution of Uzbekistan's regulatory framework governing virtual assets – from the landmark Presidential Decree No. PP-4852 of 2020 to the 2022 amendments to the Anti-Money Laundering Law – and evaluates the extent to which national legislation has kept pace with rapidly morphing criminal methodologies. The article further analyses concrete statistical trends, case studies of cross-border crypto-enabled crime, and platform-facilitated financial misconduct. Findings indicate that while Uzbekistan has made substantive legislative strides, significant enforcement gaps persist, particularly in the areas of DeFi (Decentralised Finance), peer-to-peer crypto transactions, and dark-web marketplace activity. The article concludes with targeted recommendations for legislative refinement, inter-agency coordination, and international cooperation.

This article, The Evolution of Internet Slang and Its Sociolinguistic Implications, explores the rapid development of internet slang and its broader effects on language and society. Drawing from six recent academic sources, the paper traces the historical emergence of online slang, its unique linguistic characteristics, and its role in shaping social identities, particularly among digital generations like Gen Z and Gen Alpha. It examines how internet slang functions as a tool for self-expression, cultural distinction, and group affiliation, while also addressing challenges it poses for formal education and language policy. The article highlights the fluid nature of slang, emphasizing its contribution to semantic change and lexical innovation in digital communication. It serves as a resource for researchers and educators interested in language change, youth culture, and the intersection of technology and linguistics.