This scientific article is devoted to the study of the legislative regulation of the procedural rights of guarantees of persons enjoying immunity during detention in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The work analyzes the norms of Uzbek legislation concerning the rights and obligations of persons with immunity in the process of detention, their protection from illegal actions of law enforcement agencies. Special attention is paid to mechanisms for ensuring compliance with the procedural rights and guarantees of persons with immunity, as well as problems and prospects for the development of this area in the context of modern challenges and requirements of the rule of law. The results of the study may be useful for improving legislation and the practice of applying procedural rules in relation to persons with immunity in Uzbekistan.

There are certain categories of persons and bodies which, under international law, are immune from the jurisdiction of municipal courts. The two principal categories are foreign states (sovereign or state immunity) and their diplomatic agents (diplomatic immunity).  In international law state immunity refers to the legal rules and principles determining the conditions under which a foreign state may claim freedom from the jurisdiction (the legislative, judicial and administrative powers) of another state (often called the ‘forum state’). 

This article defines the immunity of a deputy of the local Kengash, the procedure for depriving him of this right, the authorized bodies involved in this process, their powers that introduce the idea of ​​bringing a deputy of the local Kengash to criminal liability, the systemic nature of the problem that arises in practice when considering this appeal and proposal to eliminate them.

This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the role and significance of spiritual and educational activities in developing ideological immunity among university students. The study reveals the essence and content of the concept of ideological immunity and examines the social, pedagogical, and spiritual factors influencing its formation. Particular attention is paid to the development of critical thinking, commitment to national and universal values, civic responsibility, and a conscious attitude toward alien and destructive ideas through spiritual and educational activities conducted in higher education institutions. The article substantiates the content areas, effective forms, and methods of spiritual and educational activities aimed at ensuring ideological stability among students in the context of globalization and the modern information environment.

The concept of immunity of international organizations and their officials is an important aspect of international law. Immunity protects international organizations and their officials from legal processes in the host state and is necessary to ensure that international organizations can carry out their functions effectively and without interference.

Migraine in children and adolescents is increasingly being recognized not only as a neurological disorder, but also as a condition with possible immune system involvement. This paper explores the role of humoral immunity in the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of pediatric migraine. Based on the study of 42 children aged 6 to 18 with various forms of migraine, significant differences in immunoglobulin levels and circulating immune complexes (CIC) were observed. These findings suggest the presence of immune imbalance in children with migraines, especially those with aura. Understanding the immunological aspects of migraine can contribute to improved diagnostics, prognostics, and the development of personalized therapeutic strategies.

The state of immunity in children with chronic calculous pyelonephritis before and after surgery is described. This form of the disease was observed in 88 patients, including 66 (75%) boys and 22 (25%) girls, 63 (71.5%) had bilateral kidney damage, and 25 (18%) had unilateral kidney damage. The immune status of children with chronic calculous pyelonephritis (CCP) was determined before, on the 7th and 14th day after surgery and during examinations 3-6 months later. Immunoglobulins of the main 3 classes GAM, T-, B- and O-lymphocytes were determined. The indicators of humoral immunity indicate an insufficient "norm of reactions" on the part of JgG and JgA in response to the chronic inflammatory process in the urinary system. The revealed changes in the immune system in children with CCP before and after surgery indicate a positive result of surgical and subsequent complex conservative treatment of chronic calculous pyelonephritis (CCP), accompanied by persistent remission. The clinical diversity of symptoms was determined by the age characteristics of patients, the size of stones, their localization. Associated complications, functional capacity of the kidneys and concomitant diseases of the body at the time of examination.

Langerhans cells (LC) are a distinct population of tissue-resident macrophages with dendritic cell (DC) functionality, forming a dense network across the epidermis. Positioned at the skin barrier, LC serve as critical immune sentinels at the interface between the body and the environment. Historically classified as DCs, extensive research has focused on their ability to prime T cell immunity. However, LC possess unique macrophage-like properties, and recent studies reveal their immunoregulatory roles both in steady-state conditions and during specific inflammatory responses. This highlights the influence of the cutaneous microenvironment in shaping LC functionality. This mini-review explores emerging insights into the role of LC in immune tolerance under normal and pathological conditions, including malignant transformation and progression. Additionally, we examine LC functional plasticity in response to microenvironmental cues and the potential relationship between LC heterogeneity and functional diversity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that enable LC to integrate environmental signals and modulate immune responses is crucial for advancing tumor immunology, vaccine development, and therapies for inflammatory skin disorders.

This article provides a comprehensive overview about radio receivers, focusing on their classification, operating principles and quality indicators. Radio receivers can be classified based on various criteria, including frequency range, modulation types, applications and etc. The operating principles are explored in detail, comprising the processes of signal reception, amplification, demodulation and others. In addition, key quality indicators such as sensitivity, selectivity, interference immunity are analyzed to evaluate performance and reliability of radio receivers. By understanding these aspects, users can make informed decisions when choosing radio receivers for a variety of applications, from personal use to professional broadcasting.

The article examines the issues of increasing ideological immunity in opposing spiritual threats.

Breastfeeding is the natural and most physiological method of feeding newborns, exerting a multifaceted influence on their health, growth, and development. This article examines the immunological benefits of breast milk, including its role in developing innate and adaptive immunity, reducing the risk of infectious and allergic diseases, and maintaining the child's gut microbiota. The article analyzes the results of modern research demonstrating that breastfeeding promotes the production of protective antibodies, increases the body's resistance to viruses and bacteria, and has a long-term positive effect on the child's immune status in later life.

One of the important problems of modern otorhinolaryngology is the problem of
hearing pathology in children with chronic viral hepatitis B. Arising in early childhood, acute
purulent otitis media (APOM) often becomes recurrent and turns into a chronic form. This is
due to the fact that the main indicators of the immune system in children with chronic viral
hepatitis B with APOM at an early age are violated. The purpose of our work is to study the
indicators of cellular-humoral immunity in young children suffering from OCD. Under our
supervision in the ENT department of the regional children's hospital of Bukhara there were
32 children with APOM: under the age of 6 months -7, from 6 months to 1.5 years - 11, from
1.5 to 3 years -14

This article examines the ethical foundations and principles of judicial activity. It states the compatibility of these principles with the liberalization and democratization of the judicial and legal system. The triumph of the power of justice, the authority of the judiciary, the trust of citizens in the court, the immunity of judges, the prohibition of any interference in the activities of administering justice steadily require compliance with the ethical foundations and principles of judicial activity.

This article discusses the importance of vaccination in the prevention of pneumonia. Pneumonia is one of the most dangerous respiratory diseases, causing severe complications in people of all ages. The study analyzes the role of vaccination in strengthening immunity, reducing infection rates, and lowering mortality levels. It also examines public attitudes toward immunization and the effectiveness of preventive measures.

For boys at the age of 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 17 girls aged 6, 9, 10, 17, 18 showed high BMI values, while boys aged 9, 10, 14, 16, 18 and girls aged 7, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16 found age deficits in BMI. In boys aged 6, 15, and 17, BMI values corresponded to age norms. Thus, in adolescents with a high BMI, we have identified asthma, for such children low self-esteem is often tormented, the pathological process tends to chronicle. Vitamin D plays a key role in regulating immunity, maintaining skin barrier function, and preventing osteoporosis. In children with DRS, its deficiency is associated with a severe course of AS. In addition, researchers have evidence that with insufficient vitamin D levels in children, fat will accumulate in the body. Studying blood pressure levels is very important because vitamin D modulates innate immunity by producing antimicrobial peptides that reduce the risk of skin infection.

Atherogenesis is based on a chronic inflammatory process developing in the wall of large and medium arteries against the background of lipid metabolism disorders and endothelial damage. Increased concentration of lipoprotein a( a) [ Lp (a)] in blood plasma is an independent risk factor for the occurrence and development of atherosclerotic lesions of various localizations.

The host immune system's induction, education, and operation are all significantly influenced by the microbiota.  In exchange, the host immune system has developed a number of strategies for preserving its mutually beneficial association with the microbiota.  Maintaining this conversation enables the use of regulatory mechanisms involved in the long-term tolerance to harmless antigens as well as the production of protective responses to pathogens.  Tonic microbe detection and intricate feedback loops between the immune system's innate and adaptive components are necessary for microorganisms to be able to influence the immunological tone of tissues both locally and systemically. Here, we go over the main cellular mediators of these interactions and talk about new topics related to our present comprehension of the host-microbiota homeostatic immunological dialogue.

Today, the field of biotechnology is developing rapidly. With the development of biotechnology, we are learning more and more about the nature of genetics. Genes are biological material that is responsible for building all life on the planet. However, it should be noted that when the genetic nature changes synthetically, it leads to various mutational consequences. At the same time, various genetic diseases began to develop. With this approach, the human genetic fund deteriorates.

This article explores the Islamic theory of siyar as articulated in the writings of the eminent 11th-century Hanafi jurist, Imam al-Sarakhsi. It focuses on the foundational components of Islamic international law: diplomatic immunity, the ethics of warfare, the status of prisoners of war, and the legal norms surrounding peace treaties and cross-border relations.

This article provides information about the COVID-19 disease based on statistics and research.

Acute adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) is characterized by a high rate of postoperative complications and mortality, largely due to severe immunological disturbances and a systemic inflammatory response. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the developed clinically and immunologically based treatment and diagnostic algorithm and immunocorrective therapy in patients with ASBO.  A comparative analysis of treatment outcomes was conducted for 115 patients divided into control and study groups. It was found that the use of an algorithm that takes into account immune stratification significantly reduced the incidence of grade III–V postoperative complications, shortened the length of hospital stay, and reduced mortality by 3.3 times. Immunocorrective therapy contributed to the normalization of cellular and humoral immunity parameters and accelerated clinical recovery. The obtained data confirm the feasibility of integrating immunodiagnostics and immunotherapy into the comprehensive treatment of acute adhesive small bowel obstruction.

This article considers acute herpetic stomatitis in children as the most common disease of viral etiology. The article focuses on the need to use laser therapy at the same time as local treatment as one of the main tasks of preventing complications of acute herpetic stomatitis. The article recommends an integrated approach, which includes local treatment with antiseptic agents and laser treatment with red gel-neon. Red gel-neon laser treatment reduced the treatment time for acute herpetic stomatitis, as well as reduced severe forms of the disease in a short time and restored normal immunity in children in a short time.

Treatment of chronic adenoiditis (CHA) is an urgent problem of childhood rhinology. Medical and social significance is due to both the increase of up to 60% in the last decade of morbidity and the associated economic costs, and the role of the pharyngeal tonsil (PТ) in the formation of mucosal immunity, which protects not only the nasopharynx, but also the nasal mucosa, rhinotubar zone and paranasal sinuses [1,3].

The formation of the immunity system in ontogenesis, in particular the central organ of its thymus, is determined by the combination of the relationship between mother and fetus and the course of the period of early adaptation of offspring to conditions outside uterine life. As a rule, in early postnatal ontogenesis, the immune system is in a transient state and continues to form under the influence of various influences of external factors. The uncomplicated course of pregnancy largely determines the normal course of the immunological relationship between mother and fetus, and determines the development of a full-fledged immune system and its central and peripheral organs in the offspring in postnatal ontogenesis.

There is growing recognition of the connection between human health and gut bacteria.  It is now commonly known that a healthy gut flora plays a major role in the host's general health.  The normal human gut microbiota comprises of two major phyla, namely Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes.  Even though an infant's gut microbiota seems random, by the time they are three years old, it begins to resemble the adult flora.  However, throughout a person's life, there are differences in the microbial dispersal from the esophagus to the rectum in both space and time.  Scientists can now examine these microorganisms, their roles, and the interactions between microbes and their hosts in both health and sickness in great detail because to advancements in genome sequencing tools and bioinformatics. A healthy gut microbiota has a specialized role in immunomodulation, pathogen defense, xenobiotic and drug metabolism, host nutrition metabolism, and gut mucosal barrier structural integrity.